DIRECT AND INDIRECT

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.
Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English”
Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:
Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional
Indirect Speech:
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,
Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.
PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:
Direct  :                                               Indirect :
Now                                        →        Then
Today                                      →        That day
Tonight                                    →        That night
This week                                →        That week
Yesterday                                →        The day before
The day before yesterday       →        Two days before
Last night                                →        The night before
Last week/year                        →        The previous week/year
A year ago                               →        A year before/The previous year
Three years ago                       →        Three years before
Tomorrow                               →        The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow          →        In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year                       →        The following week/year
On Sunday                              →        On Sunday
Here                                        →        There
This book                                →        The book
This                                         →        That
These                                       →        Those
Over there                               →        Over there
*etc.
PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Can      →        Could
May     →        Might
Might  →        Might
Must    →        Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.
Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      R : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

I   : She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.      R : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

I   : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

3.      R  : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

I    : Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.      R  : He has told you, “ I am writing “

I    : He has told you that he is writing

5.      R  : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

I    : Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.      R  : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

I    : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

7.      R  : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

I    : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

8.      R  : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

I    : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.      R  : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

I   : Mother asked her not to go there alone

10.  R  : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

I   : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

General tips on eating out healthily

General tips on eating out healthily   

• If you're unsure as to what something is, or what it contains - ask! If the waiter/waitress doesn't know, then the chef will.
• Think ahead, if you know you're eating out later and it could be a lavish affair, choose wisely earlier in the day to keep calories, fat, sugar and salt intakes under control.   
• Don't eat an extra course just to be polite.   
• Only order a sweet after the main course, and only if still hungry. Opt for sorbets, or fruit dishes to balance out a heavy main course.   
• Think about sharing a course with a companion if the portions look large.   
• Speak up about how you'd like a dish prepared eg ask for no mayonnaise, dressing on the side.   
• You're more likely to overeat at an 'all you can eat' style buffet.   
• Choose side orders of salad or vegetables to fill up on.   
• Cut off any visible fat from meat to keep saturated fat intake down.   
• Look out for smaller portions ie a main meal option as a starter size.   
• Opt for dishes which are grilled, baked, steamed, poached or cooked in own juice rather than fried.   
• Check the menu for dressings on salads and ask for it to be served separately. An otherwise healthy and nutritious salad could be drowned in a high fat sauce, bumping up its calorie content.   
• Avoid cheese, cream or butter-based sauces   
• If you're a cheese lover, think about sharing the cheese board option to keep saturated fat, salt and calorie intakes in check.

Takeaways

A takeaway provides a convenient night off from cooking, but they can be a poor choice for health-conscious consumers. Portion sizes can often be large, so think about sharing to keep the amount of food to a sensible limit.

Healthy Chinese food   

• Choose side orders of salad or vegetables to fill up on.   
• Often high in salt and can be oozing in fat, avoid dishes described as deep-fried or battered.   
• Opt for stir-fried chicken or vegetables to keep fat content as low as possible.   
• Choose plain boiled rice rather than fried rice.   
• Avoid the prawn crackers and crispy seaweed dishes - both moreish and loaded in calories.

Healthy Indian food   

• Often high in fat, especially those with creamy sauces such as korma and masala.   
• Avoid those pre-meal poppadums and chapattis - both high in fat. Bhajis and naan breads are also surprisingly high in calories.   
• The best dishes to limit fat and calorie intakes are oven-cooked tandoori and tikka dishes. Madras, jalfrezi, balti or dupiaza are also all right.

Healthy Italian food   

• Go for the thin crust pizzas rather than the deep-pan or 'filled crust' options.   
• Ask for small amounts of cheese or opt for the reduced fat versions some outlets now offer.   
• Keep the meat-based pizza toppings like pepperoni and salami to a minimum and go mad with vegetable and fish-based options instead.   
• Pasta dishes served with a tomato or vegetable-based sauce are much better than creamy or cheese-based varieties.   
• Forego the garlic bread or focaccia and try either plain bread or a mixed salad to accompany your meal instead.   
• Choose fruit or plain ice cream rather than fancy desserts.

Fish, chips, burgers and kebabs   

• Portion sizes are often huge, so think about sharing a portion of chips between two.   
• Eat the fish and leave the batter.   
• Avoid small fried items such as scampi or chicken nuggets as they contain more fat than a single larger item.   
• Forget the super-size deals, a small, plain burger is fine! Ask for salad and forego the mayo.   
• Try shish kebab instead of the fat-laden doner.

Healthy sandwiches   

• Look out for different bread types to add variety and taste.   
• Go for protein-based fillers such as ham, lean meat, fish, low fat cheeses like cottage cheese and Edam.   
• Avoid mayonnaise and other high-fat dressings. Try chutneys and pickles instead.   
• Look out for vegetable-based or salad-packed varieties to fill out the sandwich and keep calories low.   
• Look carefully at pre-packed versions. Some are very high in calories - opt for those less than 400kcal per pack.

Eating healthily on special occasions

Occasions like Christmas, parties, weddings and so on can often be difficult times for those trying to eat healthily and watch their weight. Thinking ahead and preparing for such times can help. In addition to the tips for eating out, the following may also help:    

• At buffets, don't stand near the food table - the temptation to keep grabbing a handful or plateful of something nearby can be overpowering. Talk to friends in another part of the room.   
• Just because food is offered doesn't mean it has to be eaten. Feel free to pass.   
• Avoid pastry-based foods such as mince pies, canapés, tarts, sausage rolls etc.   
• Aim to fill at least half your plate with healthier options, and add some colour to your plate. Naturally colourful fruits and vegetables like crudités are not only low in calories but contain vitamins and antioxidants which are beneficial to your health.   
• Try not to arrive at the event hungry. Have a light meal or healthy snack prior to getting there to prevent overindulgence.  
• Mix alcoholic drinks with low-calorie soft drinks and water. Not only does alcohol contain calories, but the more that is consumed, the more likely that good intentions go out of the window!   
• At functions like weddings and christenings, choose the cake course as a dessert instead of having dessert and the cake.